New Architecture in China

Central Chinese Television CCTV in Beijing

Wonders of the New China -- No Longer a Sleeping Giant

International Design    China's current building boom is doing more than sucking up the world's supply of steel, it's creating a stage for some of today's boldest architecture and engineering feats and has become the hotbed of innovative architecture--from diaphanous theaters to buildings heated and cooled by water.  China is an excellent example of an advanced country ripe for a Future City!

Central Chinese Television CCTV in Beijing  [photo: below and at top of this page]
OMA/Ole Scheeren and Rem Koolhaas. Under construction, scheduled for completion in 2008
The design of the new Central Chinese Television (CCTV) headquarters defies the popular conception of a skyscraper, plus it broke Beijing's building codes and required approval by a special review panel. The standard systems for engineering gravity and lateral loads in buildings didn't apply to the CCTV building, which is formed by two leaning towers, each bent 90 degrees at the top and bottom to form a continuous loop.

The engineer's solution is to create a structural "tube" of diagonal supports. The irregular pattern of this "diagrid" system reflects the distribution of forces across the tube's surface. Designed by Rem Koolhaas and Ole Scheeren and engineered by Ove Arup, the new CCTV tower rethinks what a skyscraper can be.

Beijing International Airport
Foster & Partners created this unique design, now under construction, to be completed in late 2007. According to the U.S. Embassy to China, the country will be building 108 new airports between 2004 and 2009--including what will be the world's largest: the Beijing International Airport, above. Set to open at the end of 2007 in time for the Beijing Olympics in 2008, the airport terminal will cover more than 1 million square meters, giving it a bigger footprint than the Pentagon. It's designed to handle 43 million passengers a year initially, and 55 million by 2015, figures that will probably push the new facility into the ranks of the top 10 busiest airports according to the 2004 numbers from the Airports Council International. Given the scale and traffic, Foster & Partners focused on the traveler's experience, making sure that walking distances are short, for example. To help passengers distinguish between different sections of the vast space, skylights cast different shades of yellow and red light across walls -- a subtle but innovative navigational aid. The architects also kept sustainability in mind: an environmental control system reduces carbon emissions, and skylights situated on a south-east axis lessen solar heat, keeping the building cool.

National Swimming Center, Beijing  -- The "Water Cube"
PTW and Ove Arup. Under construction, with completion scheduled for 2008.
The striking exterior of the National Swimming Center, being constructed for the 2008 Olympic Games and nicknamed the "Water Cube," is made from panels of a lightweight form of Teflon that transforms the building into an energy-efficient greenhouse-like environment. Solar energy will also be used to heat the swimming pools, which are designed to reuse double-filtered, backwashed pool water that's usually dumped as waste.

Excess rainwater will also be collected and stored in subterranean tanks and used to fill the pools. The complex engineering system of curvy steel frames that form the structure of the bubble-like skin are based on research into the structural properties of soap bubbles by two physicists at Dublin 's Trinity College . The unique structure is designed to help the building withstand nearly any seismic disruptions.

Dongtan Eco City, Dongtan
Masterplan by Arup for the Shanghai Industrial Investment Corp. In planning stages with the first phase to be completed in 2010.

Developed by the Shanghai Industrial investment Corp., Dongtan Eco City, roughly the size of Manhattan, will be the world's first fully- sustainable cosmopolis when completed in 2040. Like Manhattan, it's situated on an island--the third-largest in China. Located on the Yangtze River, Dongtan is within close proximity of the bustle of Shanghai.

By the time the Shanghai Expo trade fair opens in 2010, the city's first phase should be completed, and 50,000 residents will call Dongtan home-sweet-sustainable-home. The goals to be accomplished in the next five years: systems for water purification, waste management, and renewable energy. An infrastructure of roads will connect the former agricultural land with Shanghai.

Linked Hybrid, Beijing
Steven Holl Architects; Li Hu, lead architect. Groundbreaking on December 28, 2005  and scheduled for completion in 2008.
 
Linked Hybrid, which will house 2,500 people in 700 apartments covering 1.6 million square feet, is a model for large-scale, sustainable residential architecture. The site will feature one of the world's largest geothermal cooling and heating systems, which will stabilize the temperature within the complex of eight buildings. All of the buildings are linked at the 20th floor by a "ring" of service establishments such as cafes and dry cleaners. A set of dual pipes pump water from 100 meters below ground circulating the liquid between the buildings' concrete floors. The result: the water-circulation system serves as a giant radiator in the winter and cooling system in the summer. It has no boilers to supply heat, or electric air conditioners to supply cool. The apartments also feature gray-water recycling--a process that's just starting to catch on in Beijing in much smaller buildings to filter waste water from kitchen sinks and wash basins back into toilets.

Olympic Stadium, Beijing
Herzog & de Meuron. Under construction, with completeion due in 2008.
Sports stadiums have long followed the enduring design of one of the original wonders of the world: Rome 's Coliseum. Herzog & de Meuron's National Stadium in Beijing is an attempt to rethink the classic sports-arena layout for more ecologically-correct times.

The Swiss architects (of Tate Modern fame) wanted to provide natural ventilation for the 91,000-seat structure--perhaps the largest "eco-friendly" sports stadium designed to date. To achieve this, they set out to create a building that could function without a strictly enclosed shell, yet also provide constant shelter for the audience and athletes alike.

To solve these design problems, they looked to nature for inspiration. The stadium's outer grid resembles a bird's nest constructed of delicately placed branches and twigs. Each discrete space within the facility, from restrooms to restaurants, is constructed as an independent unit within the outer lattice -- making it possible to encase the entire complex with an open grid that allows for natural air circulation. The architects also incorporated a layer of translucent membrane to fill any gaps in the lacy exterior.

National Grand Theater, Beijing
Paul Andreu and ADP. Under construction, to be completed in 2008.
Located near Tiananmen Square, the 490,485-square-foot glass and titanium National Grand Theater, scheduled to open in 2008, seems to float above a man-made lake. Intended to stand out amid the Chinese capital's bustling streets and ancient buildings, the structure has garnered criticism among Bejing's citizens for clashing with classic landmarks like the Monument to the People's Heroes (dedicated to revolutionary martyrs,) the vast home of the National People's Congress, or Tiananmen Gate itself (the Gate of Heavenly Peace.)

French architect Paul Andreu is no stranger to controversy, nor to innovative forms. A generation ago, in 1974, his untraditional design for Terminal 1 of Paris's Charles de Gaulle airport was criticized for its unusual curves, yet Andreu's groundbreaking, futuristic building later was seen to distinguish de Gaulle from more generic European and international air hubs. (The same airport's Terminal 2E, also designed by Andreu, gained attention in 2004 when it collapsed, tragically killing four people.)

Beijing 's daring National Grand Theater is as much a spectacle as the productions that will be staged inside in the 2,416-seat opera house, the 2,017-seat concert hall, and the 1,040-seat theater. At night, the semi-transparent skin will give passersby a glimpse at the performance inside one of three auditoriums, a feature that highlights the building's public nature.

Donghai Bridge , Shanghai/Yangshan Island
China Zhongtie Major Bridge Engineering Group, Shanghai # 2 Engineering Co., Shanghai Urban Construction Group. Officially opened in December, 2005.
 
A key phase in the development of the world's largest deep-sea port was completed when China 's first cross-sea bridge, the 20-mile, six-lane Donghai Bridge, was officially opened in December, 2005. Stretching across the East China Sea, the graceful cable-stay structure connects Shanghai to Yangshan Island, set to become China's first free-trade port (and the world's largest container port) upon its completion in 2010.

To provide a safer driving route in the typhoons and high waves known to hit the region, Donghai Bridge is designed in an S-shape. The structure, reported by Shanghai Daily to have cost $1.2 billion, will hold its title of China's--and one of the world's-- longest over-sea bridge for only a couple of years, though. In 2008, the nearby 22-mile Hangzhou Bay Transoceanic Bridge, which also begins (or ends, depending on your journey) in Shanghai, will earn the superlative.

The Commune, Beijing
First phase completed 2002, expansion scheduled for completion in 2010.
Even if the Commune didn't sit beside that wonder of the ancient world, the Great Wall of China, it would still qualify as a wonder. The complex includes houses by 12 of Asia 's leading architects. It was conceived by married real estate developers Zhang Xin and Pan Shiyi, who gave each architect a $1 million budget. Shigeru Ban, the Japanese architect most famous for the paper houses he designed for refugees of the Kobe earthquake, designed the Furniture House, featuring the laminated plywood typically used for modular furniture, and China's Yung Ho Chang created the Split House, which takes the idea of a boxy dwelling, slices it in half, and spreads it out like a fan.

The Commune is now operated as a boutique hotel by the Germany luxury hotel group Kempinski, which is responsible for an upcoming expansion, which will feature 21 homes (including replications of the originals.) One element will remain untouched in the new development: the Commune's private pedestrian trails, which trace untouched sections of the Great Wall.

Two International Finance Centrr, Hong Kong
It is one of the few buildings in the world equipped with double-deck elevators.
The Hong Kong Monetary Authority bought several floors in the top portion of the tower for 0.48 billion USD. Financial Times, HSBC, and Cathay Pacific put up an advertisement on the facade from October to November of 2003 that stretched more than 50 stories tall, covering an area of 0.2 million square ft and a length of 230m, making it the world's largest advertisement ever put on a skyscraper.

This is the tallest building in Hong Kong, surpassing Central Plaza. 2 IFC's reign as Hong Kong's tallest will not be long, as International Commerce Centre is under construction and will claim the title in 2007. More than 3500 workers from various places around the world worked at the construction site during the peak construction period. This building was also featured in the Hollywood movie "Tomb Raider 2". The 88th floor of the tower contains the office of the Chairman of the HK Monetary Authority.

The tower is attached to the second phase of IFC Mall. An exhibition area and a library of the Hong Kong Monetary Authority Information Centre occupies the 55th floor and is open to the public. This building is one of 18 buildings involved in the Hong Kong Tourism Commission's Victoria Harbour Lighting Plan.

International Commerce Centre, Hong Kong
The final design of the ICC Tower was made in 2001 after more than four design proposal changes.

The original World's Tallest design (574m with a pyramidal top) was changed, and the new design is by KPF. This tower will form a "gateway" for Victoria Harbour with Two International Finance Centre on the opposite side of the harbour.

International Commerce Center will become the tallest building in Hong Kong, surpassing Two International Finance Centre by some 60 meters. A 7-star Ritz-Carlton hotel with 300 rooms will be located near the top portion of the tower on 13 floors. It will also include convention and conference facilities to host international trade fairs, symposiums and conferences. The 7-star Ritz-Carlton hotel will be the highest elevated hotel in the world, surpassing the one in Jin Mao Tower.